Positive camber means the tyre and wheel assembly leans outwards at the top and negative camber means it leans inwards at the top. Wheel alignment equipment is not for adjusting or changing alignment angle but a reference for mechanics. On all vehicles with fourwheel independent suspensions, or frontwheel drive vehicles with adjustable rear suspensions, the appropriate alignment is a fourwheel alignment. Rear wheel camber and toe also must be checked for a fourwheel alignment. Below are the most common angles and their terminology and for the correction of wheel alignment and the diagnoses. The illustration uses ball joints to represent the angle. Pdf todays wheel alignment inspection systems adopt various computer. How to read alignment specifications wheel alignment tools. Nonadjustable angles require repair or replacement of the suspension component. Consult the shop manual concerning methods for making alignment. Vehicles modified in any of these areas are not covered for wheel alignment warranty. Always use wheel chocks in front of and behind the left rear wheel after positioning a vehicle on the rack.
Computerized and computer vision based automobile wheel alignment measuring system is presented in this paper. In order to enhance the automobile performance a regular examination and adjustment of wheel alignment angles are needed by means of wheel alignment system. Wheel alignment is part of standard automobile maintenance that consists of adjusting the angles of the wheels so that they are set to the car makers specification. Wheel alignment simplified crypton diagnostic equipment. Wheel alignment wheel alignment adjustment of camber, caster and toe is part of standard automobile maintenance that consists of adjusting the angles of the wheels so that they are set to the specification. Check that both axles referencing off the brake discs are square with a centerline dropped with a plumb bob off the engine crankshaft center or nose of spinner and the. A wheel alignment diagnosis gives you the opportunity to plan ahead. Front toe front toe sometimes referred to as tracking, relates to the way the actual width of the track varies from the front to the rear of the front wheels. In the interest of space, that study will not be described here in detail. Twowheel centerline, twowheel thrust angle or a full fourwheel alignment. Wheel alignment specifications will usually provide the measurements for toeout on turns. Pdf this paper introduces an alternative approach to the camber angle measurement for vehicle wheel alignment. Specialty products company basic wheel alignment fundamentals. Caster is the angle formed by a line through the pivot points and a vertical line through the.
Today wheel alignment is of course more sophisticated as there are several angles to consider when doing wheel alignment on the modern vehicle with independent suspension systems, good performing tyres and high road speeds. Wheel alignment is the proper adjustment of all the interrelated suspension angles. Twowheel centerline twowheel thrust angle fourwheel all four wheels have adjustments available each of these alignments requires a different set of procedures. These include both adjustable and nonadjustable angles.
The purpose of these adjustments is maximum tire life and a vehicle that tracks straight and true when driving along a straight and level road. The process whereby the vehicle and all the tyres are travelling in the same direction. The purpose of these adjustments is to reduce tire wear, and to ensure that vehicle travel is straight and true without pulling to one side. Wheel alignment is the measurement of complex suspension angles and the adjustment of a variety of suspension components. The specifications in the chart are for the front of the vehicle. When we move from twowheel to fourwheel alignment, we add setback and the vehicle thrust angle into the. Vcc modifies a value for one or more wheel angles or when a new vehicle model is released. A short course on wheel alignment valley buick gmc.
The purpose of these adjustments is to reduce tire wear, and to ensure that vehicle travel is straight and true without. Exploring the relationship of rolling resistance and. Thank you for purchasing the visualiner series alignment system. Front wheel alignment is described in terms of angles formed by steering and suspension components. Turn the wheels while moving and your tires will tilt slightly. Ud di s i dunderstanding steering and wheel alignment. The critical conclusion was, amongst a normally distributed group with a mean misalignment of 0.
Typical samples of alignment runway setups are illustrated below. A thrust condition exists when the rear individual toe is not equal. Text in illustration 1 wheel alignment tester 2 gauge. This procedure squares the vehicle like a thrust angle alignment, and also includes measuring and. A complete wheel alignment check should include measurements of the rear toe and camber. Cable free wheel alignment equipment sales features. Caster affects stability and steering effort but typically wont affect tire wear. A short course on wheel alignment in the garage with. Even if the rear axle is nonadjustable, you need to take rear axle readings to properly align the front suspension. The sai steering axis inclination angle is created and measured in degrees. Wear nonslip safety footwear when performing an alignment. Vehicle presenting a malfunction on the wheel alignment.
Main landing gear wheel alignment the main gear axles should be checked for proper alignment with the plane in the three point position, and with the tread at 6870. After recording the test data, the file was saved in text format. However, if the wheel alignment angles are not within the range of specifications, adjust the wheel alignment to the specifications. The adjustable angles while most people would recognise the common alignment angles of toe, caster and camber, in a comprehensive wheel alignment many more angles are adjusted. The major feature of the laser 4 is that the desired toe angle of each wheel is set with. In alignment terminology, these adjustment angles are called caster, camber, toein, steering axis inclination sai, vehicle ride height and toeout on turns.
Toe is the most important wheel alignment angle because it has the greatest. The thrust angle of a vehicle can be generated by two conditions or angles. Wheel alignment tips have your wheel alignment checked every other tire rotation and always when installing new tires. The heads and clamps are designed to be versatile, durable, and easy to use. Positive gravity wheel hangers quick and simple fixing to the wheel. The sum of kpi and camber is called included angle. Make sure that the readings are at zero on each side when the wheels are straight ahead, then turn the steering wheel so that. They will give an angle for the inside wheel and the outside wheel such as 20 for the inside wheel and 18 for the outside wheel. How to interpret an alignment printout it still runs. When we move from twowheel to fourwheel alignment, we add setback and the vehicle thrust angle into the equation. If it exceeds tolerable range then they may adjust or replace the parts for keeping.
Pdf camber angle inspection for vehicle wheel alignments. Wheel alignment in its most basic form, a wheel alignment consists of adjusting the angles of the wheels so that they are perpendicular to the ground and parallel to each other. This manual is designed to give you a solid foundation from which you can further your career in the everchanging field of automotive alignment. This research effort includes hundreds of passenger vehicle wheel alignment mea surements and a design of.
Follow the wheel alignment equipment manufacturers instructions. Be sure the alignment equipment at your facility is updated. It runs from the lower ball joint through the upper ball joint, or on most frontwheel vehicles, through the center of the strut mount. The calculator doesnt care what unit is used, since the calculated angles are in degrees. When the vehicle is geometrically aligned, fuel economy and tire life are at their peak, and steering and perfor mance are maximized.
Mechanics compared the original angle with measured angle. It is not, however, designed to be a teach everything that there is to know manual. The purpose of these adjustments is maximum tire life and a vehicle that tracks straight and true when driving. Wheel alignment, sometimes referred to as breaking or tracking, is part of standard automobile maintenance that consists of adjusting the angles of wheels to the car manufacturer specifications. Runout on front rotors must be checked with proper wheel bearing clearance or readings may be misleading. The rotating plates in the center of the wheel clamp have three adjustable legs to allow for adjustment so that the plates are completely perpendicular to the axis. Four wheel alignment assures that all four wheels will be running in precisely the same direction.
These results underscore the importance of proper wheel alignment in manufacturing and wheelchair setup. To measure the thrust angle on a vehicle you have to perform a fourwheel alignment. Service for the current wheel alignment specifications, please refer to the attached tables. Choose the appropriate documents for the job to be done. By ordering the upgrade kit your system will then be able to measure the stability angles of camber, caster and kpi. Fourwheel alignment assures that all four wheels will be running in precisely the same direction. Wheel alignment by charles ofria in its most basic form, a wheel alignment consists of adjusting the angles of the wheels so that they are perpendicular to the ground and parallel to each other. If so, this is more likely a steering wheel angle concern because the.
The chart below contains different methods that manufacturers use for displaying wheel alignment angles. Alignment angles can also be altered beyond the makers. When this format is used then it is imperative that the wheel. Wheel alignment of 51 lowcost wheelchairs was measured. For proper steering angles on the 750101 and 105115 chassis, adjust the tie rods. Eyeglasses that only have impact resistant lenses are not safety glasses.
Traditionally, five alignment angles are checked at the front wheelscaster, camber, toe, steering axis inclination sai and toeout on turns. Pedders sets all adjustable alignment settings, not just toe and where there is no manufacturers provision for adjustment we have the technology to. Pdf wheel alignment inspection by 3d point cloud monitoring. Wheel alignment should be checked whenever new tyres are installed, suspension components installed, when the vehicle has encountered a major road hazard or curb and any time unusual tyre wear patterns appear.
The purpose of these adjustments is maximum tire life and a vehicle that tracks straight and true when driving along a. Learn more about the five most important wheel alignment angles to achieve quality wheel alignment. Wheel alignment sometimes referred to as tracking, is part of standard automobile maintenance that consists of adjusting the angles of the wheels. Computerized alignment equipment is used to measure all alignment angles on todays cars. Cable free wheel alignment equipment sales features most popular aligner on the market. Give consideration to excess loads, such as tool boxes, sample cases, etc. The heads require periodic maintenance and calibration to keep the visualiner at peak operating condition. If turning radius is incorrect, inspect and replace any damaged or worn front suspension components.